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@article{193179,
        author = {Puja S. Chhanwal and Pooja A. Takalkar},
        title = {A Comprehensive Review of Liquid-Cooled Battery Thermal Management Systems for Lithium-Ion Electric Vehicle Packs},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {9},
        pages = {3719-3728},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=193179},
        abstract = {As the world begins to transition to low-carbon transportation at an increased pace, Electric Vehicles (EV's) are being adopted by consumers globally with Lithium-Ion Batteries as their primary means of energy storage. The rapid charging and discharging that occurs when charging or driving an electric vehicle creates excessive heat within battery cells causing elevated temperatures and uneven thermal distribution across the entire battery pack. The thermal effects cause battery aging, decreased efficiency and increases the risk of thermal runaway. Thus, it is imperative to have a reliable Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) to provide safety and extended service life. Liquid-cooled BTMS systems have been shown to be the most efficient solution for cooling high power battery applications because of their high heat removal ability, space-efficient design and ability to cool large amounts of power. This literature review addresses advances in liquid-cooling designs for electric vehicle battery packs, focusing on the fluid dynamics associated with cooling flow, architectural designs of cooling plates and electro-thermal interactions. Specifically, this review examines how coolant mass-flow rate, coolant inlet temperature and cooling plate size affect temperature control and uniformity of the battery pack as well as the amount of energy required to operate a cooling pump.},
        keywords = {Electric Vehicles, Lithium-ion Battery, Battery Thermal Management System, Liquid Cooling, Thermal Optimization, Temperature Uniformity, Thermal Runaway},
        month = {February},
        }