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@article{193548,
        author = {Priya Varsha A and Yathiesri M},
        title = {A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {10},
        pages = {576-584},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=193548},
        abstract = {The bone tissue engineering has been shown as a promising approach to address the shortcomings of the traditional bone grafting methods in management of large and critical-size bone defects. Three-dimensional (3D) polymeric scaffolds are central in this and a range of other techniques since they offer a temporary structural framework to support cell adhesion, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and replicate the native extracellular matrix. This is an overview of the principles that are entailed in the design of 3D polymeric scaffolds; biocompatibility, biodegradability, porosity, mechanical properties, bioactivity and Oste conductivity. The most frequently employed natural and synthetic polymers and polymer-based composite systems are addressed in terms of their benefits and drawbacks in terms of the application in bone regeneration. Besides that, key fabrication strategies including standard methods and sophisticated additive fabrication methods are outlined in relation to their capability of regulating scaffold structure and biological functioning.},
        keywords = {Adhesion, Biocompatibility, Fabrication, Grafting, Oste conductivity.},
        month = {March},
        }