Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{195438,
        author = {Aina Abiola Benjamin and Omeje Osita U},
        title = {Intelligent Load Frequency Control of Islanded Microgrid},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {11},
        pages = {1072-1082},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=195438},
        abstract = {The rising integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and distributed generation (DG) has accelerated the growth of islanded microgrids, but their intermittent nature creates major challenges for maintaining stable load-frequency control (LFC). Conventional PID controllers struggle under rapidly changing conditions, leading to frequency deviations and reduced stability. This study evaluates three advanced LFC strategies conventional PID, PSO-optimized PID, and an ANN-based controller using the CERTS microgrid model, which includes a diesel generator, wind turbine, PV system, BESS, and multiple loads. A linearized microgrid frequency model is developed and tested in MATLAB/Simulink. The conventional PID controller shows noticeable limitations  with overshoot of 1.7 Hz, undershoot of –5.8 Hz, and a settling time of 20 s. PSO-based PID tuning greatly improves performance, reducing overshoot to 0.03 Hz, undershoot to –0.038 Hz, and settling time to 11 s, though it requires higher computational effort. The ANN controller delivers the best overall results, with minimal overshoot/undershoot (±0.018 pu), the fastest settling time of about 5 s, and a regression accuracy of 0.9999. Overall, ANN-based control offers superior frequency stability, while PSO-PID provides an effective performance computational cost balance for islanded microgrids with high renewable penetration.},
        keywords = {},
        month = {April},
        }