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@article{206497,
        author = {Aduojo Atakpa and Ndanusa Shaibu and Lawal Garba Tsafe and Shehu Suraju and Stephen Nduke and Umoru Sumaila and Abdullahi Aliyu and Abubakar Abdullahi},
        title = {Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of the Agricultural Landscape in Kura Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {2},
        pages = {1790-1798},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=206497},
        abstract = {Assessing agricultural vulnerability to multiple environmental hazards is essential for sustainable land management and climate change adaptation in semi-arid regions. This study evaluated the multi-hazard sensitivity of the agricultural landscape of Kura Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria, by integrating satellite-derived environmental indicators within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-computing platform. Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance imagery was used to derive the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), while Landsat-9 Collection 2 Level-2 thermal data were employed to estimate Land Surface Temperature (LST). The three indices were normalized into a standardized five-class risk scale and combined using an equal-weight overlay approach to generate a Multi-Hazard Sensitivity Index (MHSI). The results revealed considerable spatial variability in environmental conditions across the study area. Higher NDVI and NDWI values, indicating healthier vegetation and better moisture availability, were concentrated around Garun Kaya, Shafawa, Sadauki, and parts of Gora, whereas elevated land surface temperatures and lower vegetation and moisture conditions characterized Bakin Kogi, Karfi-Ruga, Bakwatu, and surrounding areas. The MHSI identified extensive zones of high to very high environmental sensitivity, demonstrating the combined influence of thermal stress, vegetation degradation, and moisture deficiency on agricultural vulnerability. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating multi-source satellite data and cloud-based geospatial analysis for identifying environmental hazard hotspots and supporting evidence-based agricultural planning. The generated hazard sensitivity map provides valuable information for policymakers, environmental managers, and agricultural stakeholders in prioritizing irrigation development, vegetation restoration, soil and water conservation, and other climate-smart interventions aimed at enhancing resilience and promoting sustainable agricultural production in Kura Local Government Area and comparable semi-arid environments. 
Keywords: Multi-Hazard Sensitivity Index (MHSI); Google Earth Engine; Remote Sensing; GIS; Land Surface Temperature (LST); Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI); Agricultural Vulnerability; Climate Change; Kura Local Government Area; Nigeria.},
        keywords = {Google Earth Engine, Land Surface Temperature, Multi-Hazard Sensitivity Index Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index},
        month = {July},
        }