Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{207763,
        author = {DIPIKA CHAVDA},
        title = {Multiple Organ Failure in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology and Clinical Outcomes},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {2704-2713},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=207763},
        abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a global health emergency with clinical manifestations that extend far beyond the respiratory system. Although acute respiratory distress syndrome is the primary cause of mortality, increasing evidence indicates that COVID-19 is a multisystem disorder leading to dysfunction of the cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, neurological, and hematological systems. This narrative review aims to summarize and critically analyze the current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying multi-organ involvement in COVID-19 patients. Key mechanisms include dysregulation of the immune response, cytokine storm, endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathy, and direct viral invasion mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors expressed in multiple organs. Clinical outcomes associated with multi-organ failure, including increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and higher mortality rates, are also discussed in this review. Furthermore, this review highlights the importance of early identification of organ dysfunction, integrated clinical management strategies, and the need for multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes. Understanding the systemic nature of COVID-19 is essential for optimizing treatment protocols and reducing long-term complications in affected patients.},
        keywords = {coronavirus disease (COVID-19), organ failure, SAR-CoV-2, cardiovascular system, kidney, lungs, immunity.},
        month = {August},
        }