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@article{208481,
        author = {Safiya Noor Mohammad Shaikh and Arjun Ujalsing Thakur and Sonali Bhusare},
        title = {Retrofit Early-Warning Module for Battery Fire Risk in Existing Electric Two-Wheelers: A Conceptual Framework},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {no},
        pages = {252-258},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=208481},
        abstract = {The rapid adoption of electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) in India has been accompanied by recurring lithium-ion battery fire incidents, several fatal, particularly where charging occurs within domestic premises. 
Amendments to the AIS-156 safety standard now mandate thermal-propagation prevention and a thermal-event warning, but only for newly certified battery packs leaving the substantial existing E2W fleet, much of it reliant on passive cooling, without such protection. Battery-safety research has separately established that thermal runaway is preceded by measurable precursor signals gas venting, abnormal casing temperature and pressure rise, and late-stage voltage irregularities detectable minutes ahead of failure under laboratory conditions, with gas-based indicators emerging earliest. 
However, such sensing principles remain confined to OEM-level integration and are increasingly patented at the battery-pack design stage; no low-cost, vehicle-mountable retrofit device translates them into an early-warning solution for vehicles already on the road, and commercial alarm accessories for E2Ws address theft rather than battery safety. 
This paper does not propose a new sensing principle; it presents the conceptual design of a retrofit early-warning module that repackages established gas, thermal, and current-sensing techniques into a low-cost, aftermarket form factor to alert riders of an emerging thermal event. The system is intended to extend laboratory-validated precursor-detection principles to the existing E2W fleet, offering a low-cost pathway toward improved safety awareness without claiming to eliminate battery fire risk entirely.},
        keywords = {Electric two-wheelers, lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, early-warning system, retrofit device, IoT, embedded sensing, battery safety},
        month = {September},
        }