| The transition to a sustainable and low-carbon energy system has become a global imperative, driven by the need to mitigate climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges. This critical review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the next generation energy green hydrogen, focusing on its production, storage, transportation, and applications. The paper begins by discussing the various methods of green hydrogen production, including alkaline electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis. It examines the advancements in electrolyzer technology, catalysts, and materials, as well as the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. The review also explores the scalability and cost-effectiveness of green hydrogen production, highlighting the need for continued research and innovation to drive down costs and increase efficiency. In addition to production, the paper evaluates different storage technologies for green hydrogen, including compressed gas, liquefaction, and chemical storage. It analyzes the advantages, limitations, and safety considerations of each method, emphasizing the importance of reliable and efficient storage systems to enable the integration of green hydrogen into existing energy infrastructure. The review explores the transportation options for green hydrogen, including pipelines, trucks, ships, and blending with existing natural gas networks. It discusses the infrastructure requirements, safety regulations, and energy losses associated with each mode of transport, underscoring the need for a robust and interconnected hydrogen distribution network. The paper also examines the diverse applications of green hydrogen across various sectors, such as transportation, industry, and power generation. It discusses the potential for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the decarbonization of heavy industries like steel and chemicals, and the role of green hydrogen in grid balancing and energy storage. The review emphasizes the need for policy support, market incentives, and public-pri |
