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@article{173955,
        author = {MAHAK and Sachin Suthar and Lakshita Garg and Indra Kishor},
        title = {Design and Development of a Bidirectional Line-Following  Robot with Advanced Obstacle Avoidance},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {10},
        pages = {2225-2236},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=173955},
        abstract = {This study reports on the design and development of a bidirectional line-following robot that uses infrared sensors for line detection and ultrasonic sensors for obstacle clearance capabilities for moving forward and backward. This design is usually challenged by line-following robots, since the designs are mainly one way, which makes them limited to applications that require them to travel bidirectionally. The proposed robot, therefore, removes this limitation by placing sensors on the front and rear sides such that it can detect the line and obstacles in both directions. The system is built upon a microcontroller that processes sensor data and regulates the motors to ensure perfect navigation along a predefined path. These arrangements combine with a primitive mechanism of obstacle avoidance to provide fairly accurate line following while permitting the robot to detect obstacles as close as 15-20 cm. The robot can then halt or reverse to avoid collisions and resume line-following when the path is clear again. The results of the experiments demonstrated the detection accuracy of the robot to follow the line at 95% and effect proper switching between forward and reverse directions. System capabilities to detect and avoid obstacles, although giving some difficulties on sharp turns when reversing and in reflective surfaces, are also successfully depicted. From the results, it shows that a bidirectional line-following robot offers improved flexibility and adaptability in industrial applications, such as automated logistics and manufacturing. Future developments will be aimed to calibrate sensors for use in different environments and to incorporate advanced control algorithms to permit more complex routes and obstacles.},
        keywords = {Bidirectional line-following robot, Infrared sensors, Ultrasonic sensors, Obstacle detection, Navigation system, Microcontroller, Obstacle avoidance, Industrial applications, Automated logistics, Manufacturing, Sensor calibration, Control algorithms},
        month = {March},
        }