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@article{181923,
        author = {Kothuri Vidyasagar},
        title = {Spending on Education: A Micro-Level Study on Household Education Expenditure Trends},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {2},
        pages = {3135-3140},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=181923},
        abstract = {Education is a crucial determinant of social mobility and human capital development, yet the financial burden of educational expenses often rests heavily on households, particularly in developing regions. This study explores micro-level trends in household educational expenditure across different schooling levels in Telangana, India, using primary data from 360 households in Ranga Reddy, Karimnagar, and Mahabubnagar districts. The findings reveal that while private school enrollment is highest at the primary level, household spending declines significantly at higher levels due to financial constraints, reliance on government institutions, or early dropout. Non-tuition expenses—including books, uniforms, and transport—emerge as substantial cost components, especially for private school attendees. Additionally, over 40% of students rely on tuition classes, indicating gaps in classroom instruction and increasing private educational costs. The study supports existing literature that highlights rising private expenditure despite public subsidies and calls for targeted financial aid, improved school quality, and expanded public-private partnerships. By emphasizing real-time household spending behavior, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of educational affordability and informs policy aimed at promoting equitable access to quality education across socio-economic groups in India.},
        keywords = {Household Education Expenditure, Private Schooling, Educational Costs, Telangana, Out-of-Pocket Spending, Tuition Classes, Education Policy, Micro-Level Study, Financial Barriers, Equity in Education.},
        month = {July},
        }