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@article{200049,
        author = {G.Balaji and Senthamilarasu .K and Kalaivani .R and Nepolean.R and A. Aafreen and AishwarJp},
        title = {LIVEDOID VASCULOPATHY: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, HISTOPATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {12},
        pages = {777-784},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=200049},
        abstract = {Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a rare, chronic vascular disorder characterized by painful ulcerations, livedo racemosa, and the formation of atrophie blanche, predominantly affecting the lower extremities. Once considered an inflammatory vasculitis, LV is now recognized as a thrombo-occlusive disease primarily involving the dermal microcirculation with minimal inflammatory involvement. The pathogenesis of LV is multifactorial, involving hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired fibrinolysis, often associated with inherited or acquired thrombophilia conditions. Histopathological findings typically reveal fibrin thrombi within small dermal vessels, endothelial proliferation, and limited perivascular inflammation, distinguishing it from true vasculitis disorders.
Clinically, LV presents with recurrent, painful ulcers that heal slowly and leave characteristic porcelain-white scars, significantly impacting patient quality of life. Diagnosis remains challenging due to overlap with other vascular and dermatological conditions, requiring a combination of clinical evaluation, histopathology, and laboratory investigations to identify underlying prothrombotic states. Current therapeutic strategies focus on improving blood flow and preventing thrombosis using anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and supportive measures, while advanced therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulin and targeted biologics show promise in refractory cases.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, histopathology, diagnostic challenges, and evolving therapeutic approaches of LV, highlighting the need for standardized treatment protocols and further research into its underlying mechanisms.},
        keywords = {Livedoid vasculopathy; thrombo-occlusive disorder; dermal microcirculation; hypercoagulability; atrophie blanche; fibrin thrombi; endothelial dysfunction; diagnosis; anticoagulant therapy; chronic ulcers},
        month = {May},
        }