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@article{205665,
        author = {Punit Kumar},
        title = {Vitamin K Deficiency: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Management — A Narrative Review},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {1},
        pages = {7913-7917},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=205665},
        abstract = {Vitamin K is a fat-soluble micronutrient essential for the post-translational gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, as well as several non-coagulation proteins such as osteocalcin and matrix Gla-protein. Although classic vitamin K deficiency bleeding has become uncommon because of routine neonatal prophylaxis, clinically significant deficiency continues to occur in newborns who do not receive prophylaxis, in patients with fat malabsorption, hepatobiliary disease, or prolonged antibiotic use and in individuals on vitamin K antagonist therapy. This narrative review summarizes the physiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and management of vitamin K deficiency, with emphasis on recognizing at-risk populations and instituting timely phytonadione therapy. Early identification of risk factors, judicious laboratory testing including prothrombin time and protein induced by vitamin K absence-II and prompt vitamin K1 administration remain the cornerstones of preventing morbidity and mortality associated with this largely preventable condition.},
        keywords = {vitamin K; phytonadione; coagulopathy; vitamin K deficiency bleeding; phylloquinone; menaquinone},
        month = {June},
        }