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@article{206905,
        author = {Mrs Sheetal Umrajkar and Manisha Kisan Chalage},
        title = {Synthesis of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrochlorobenzene and sodium Hydroxide},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {2},
        pages = {3480-3487},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=206905},
        abstract = {The present study focuses on the preparation of p-Nitrophenol from p-Nitro chlorobenzene using Sodium Hydroxide through a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The process involves the hydrolysis of p-nitro chlorobenzene in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide under controlled temperature and pressure conditions, leading to the replacement of the chlorine atom by a hydroxyl group to form p-nitrophenol. The synthesized product was subsequently isolated, purified, and characterized using standard analytical techniques such as melting point determination, thin-layer chromatography, and spectroscopic analysis. The objective of this work was to optimize reaction parameters including temperature, reaction time, concentration of sodium hydroxide, and pressure in order to maximize product yield and purity. The effect of various operating conditions on the conversion efficiency was systematically studied. The obtained results demonstrated that higher temperatures and appropriate alkali concentration significantly enhanced the reaction rate and product formation. The final product exhibited satisfactory purity and yield, confirming the effectiveness of the adopted synthesis method. This study highlights the industrial importance of p-nitrophenol as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and fine chemicals. The developed method offers a simple, economical, and efficient route for the synthesis of p-nitrophenol from p-nitro chlorobenzene using sodium hydroxide.},
        keywords = {p-Nitrophenol, para-nitrophenol,4-Nitrophenol, PNP,4-NP, p-Hydroxynitrobenzene,1-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzene.},
        month = {July},
        }