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@article{209800,
        author = {Dr. Amruta Dadaraje Giramkar and Dr Atul Babasaheb Tupe},
        title = {Kriyakalpa in Ocular Disorders: Evidence from Classical Texts to Modern Clinical Studies},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {5},
        pages = {4222-4228},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=209800},
        abstract = {Background: Netra Kriyakalpa represents a group of localized therapeutic procedures described in Ayurveda for the management of ocular disorders. Classical texts discuss these procedures in relation to Dosha predominance, disease characteristics, and the condition of ocular tissues. Contemporary research has explored selected Ayurvedic interventions in ophthalmic conditions, although the strength of evidence varies across disorders and treatment modalities. 
Objective: To review the classical Ayurvedic descriptions of Netra Kriyakalpa, their traditional indications, relevant modern ophthalmological concepts, published clinical literature, and future research priorities.
Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was developed using the supplied textbook material, classical Ayurvedic references cited in the literature, and selected published reviews and clinical research articles. The literature was examined descriptively to understand the classification of Kriyakalpa, their traditional therapeutic rationale, and the current level of scientific evidence.
Review: Classical Ayurvedic literature describes several procedures for ocular care, including Tarpana, Putapaka, Seka, Aschyotana, Anjana, Pindi, and Bidalaka. Charaka, Sushruta, and Sharangadhara provide descriptions of these procedures within different textual frameworks. Modern publications have investigated Ayurvedic interventions in conditions such as conjunctivitis and dry eye disease. A systematic review of Ayurvedic interventions for conjunctivitis reported potentially favourable findings but highlighted substantial methodological limitations and the need for higher-quality studies. Other publications have examined individual procedures and formulations, although small samples and heterogeneous methodologies restrict the generalizability of their findings.
Conclusion: Netra Kriyakalpa represents an important component of classical Ayurvedic ophthalmology. Published research provides a foundation for further investigation, but stronger evidence is required to establish the effectiveness and safety of individual procedures. Future studies should emphasize standardized formulations, appropriate ophthalmological assessment, validated outcome measures, systematic adverse-event reporting, and rigorous clinical trial designs.},
        keywords = {Netra Kriyakalpa, Shalakya Tantra, Tarpana, Putapaka, Aschyotana, Anjana, ocular disorders, Ayurveda, evidence-based ophthalmology.},
        month = {October},
        }