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@article{210003,
        author = {Swamini Shridhar Adhikari and Dr. M.N.BAJAD},
        title = {Seismic Behavior of Pipe Rack Structures and Foundation Aspects Considering Soil–Structure Interaction: A Comprehensive Review},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {5},
        pages = {3950-3959},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=210003},
        abstract = {Pipe rack structures are critical nonbuilding systems in petrochemical plants, refineries, and LNG terminals, where they support extensive piping networks and process equipment. Their seismic behavior is more complex than conventional building structures due to mass irregularities, structural–piping interaction, and soil–structure interaction (SSI). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the seismic behavior of pipe rack structures with emphasis on SSI effects and foundation aspects.
The review of recent studies indicates that SSI significantly modifies structural response by altering natural frequency, damping, and displacement demands. While SSI may reduce pipeline stresses by up to 40–45% due to a seismic isolation effect, it can increase inter-storey drift and fragility of structural frames. Foundation flexibility, uneven settlement, and boundary conditions of piping systems are identified as critical factors influencing seismic performance. In particular, pipe boundary conditions can increase collapse probability from 0% to 59%, highlighting major modeling uncertainty.
Different SSI modeling approaches, including Winkler Spring models, nonlinear soil models, continuum finite element methods, and lumped parameter models, are critically evaluated. The study identifies significant research gaps, including lack of integrated studies combining pipe rack systems with SSI, uneven settlement, torsional effects, and foundation variability. The paper concludes that performance-based design approaches and efficient SSI modeling techniques are essential for improving seismic safety and resilience of industrial pipe rack systems.},
        keywords = {Pipe rack structures, soil–structure interaction, seismic response, foundation stability, fragility analysis, industrial structures},
        month = {October},
        }