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@article{210087,
        author = {Prajakta Balkrishna Katekar},
        title = {Natural and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners: Comprehensive Bioactive Profiles, Extraction Methodologies, Health Implications, and Industrial Applications in Metabolic Disease Management},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {5},
        pages = {4116-4140},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=210087},
        abstract = {Excessive consumption of refined sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup has driven a global surge in noncommunicable metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and clinical obesity. In response, human nutrition, pharmacology, and food engineering have increasingly shifted focus toward natural and non-nutritive sweeteners as therapeutic and functional alternatives. This comprehensive manuscript delivers an exhaustive review of natural sugar sources (date palm, grapes, sweet sorghum, raw sugarcane, honey, agave syrup, sugar beet, and maple syrup), non-nutritive high-intensity natural sweeteners (thaumatin, glycyrrhizin, monk fruit mogrosides, and steviol glycosides), semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives (neohesperidin dihydrochalcone), and rare nutritive carbohydrates and polyols (D-tagatose, D-allulose, trehalose, erythritol, mannitol, and maltitol). We evaluate their molecular structures, green and conventional extraction protocols, microencapsulation technologies, receptor-level sweet synergy mechanisms, and broad-spectrum biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, this manuscript examines detailed case studies, including the hepatoprotective mechanisms of NHDC against Paraquat-induced acute liver injury, longitudinal epidemiological evaluations of artificial sweetener exposure and type 2 diabetes risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort, the dual metabolic paradox of synthetic sweeteners in glycemic control, the neuro-behavioural reward dysregulation driving hyperphagia in obesity, a crossover clinical trial comparing honey, sucrose, and HFCS55, and the ethnopharmacological synergistic co-administration of Stevia rebaudiana with saxagliptin. Ultimately, this work synthesizes current scientific evidence, addresses technological formulation hurdles, and establishes a strategic roadmap for integrating functional natural sweeteners into mainstream food science and clinical metabolic management.},
        keywords = {Steviol Glycosides, Monk Fruit, Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hepatoprotection, Microencapsulation, Synergy, Glycemic Control, Natural Sweeteners, case studies.},
        month = {October},
        }