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@article{192497,
        author = {Khushboo Mishra},
        title = {Role of Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT in Sustainable and Smart Farming Systems},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {9},
        pages = {1192-1199},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=192497},
        abstract = {The growing world food demands, and a corresponding diminishing natural resources, climate changes and water shortages have led to a change in the traditional, labor intensive, agriculture practices to technology centered smart farming systems which are sustainable. The paper survey is a review of the combination of the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) as disruptive technologies in contemporary agriculture. WSNs are low-power, distributed sensor network systems that are continually used to monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity, nutrient concentration (NPK) pH, crop well-being and microclimatic conditions and send real-time data to IoT cloud platforms to be stored, analyzed and visualized. The IoT systems permit precision farming, automated greenhouse, livestock tracking, resource management, and wastewater and fertilizer reduction by 20-50 percent, pollution by chemicals, and yield by 10-20 percent. The use of drones, autonomous tractors, wearable sensors, and others, increases sustainability by prescribing specific interventions, identifying diseases, and improving operational efficiency. The global trends in adoptions show the increasing market, with the IoT in agriculture projected to reach USD 22.65 billion by 2028 and WSN-based precision farming showing high reliability with the error margin of the NPK sensors of 8.47%. High initial costs, low rural connectivity, and energy are among the challenges that are being solved with the development of AI, machine learning, 5G, LoRaWAN, and predictive analytics.},
        keywords = {Smart Farming, Wireless Sensor Networks, Internet of Things, Precision Agriculture, Sustainable Agriculture, IoT Sensors, NPK Monitoring, Smart Irrigation, Crop Yield Optimization.},
        month = {February},
        }