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@article{187406,
        author = {Mr. Omkar B. Kamble and Mr. Avinash M. Bakle and Miss. Bhakti P. Jadhav and Miss. Bhakti A. Chitrak and Ms. Umme Roman Shaikh},
        title = {Metformin: Discovering Mechanistic Insights and Market Surveillance},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {6},
        pages = {4144-4153},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=187406},
        abstract = {Metformin, a biguanide derivative, has long been established as a first-line pharmacotherapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet contemporary research continues to expand its relevance far beyond glycemic control. This literature review synthesizes current findings on metformin’s multifaceted mechanisms, clinical applications, and emerging therapeutic potential. Traditionally, metformin’s primary mode of action has been attributed to the reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis and improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity. Recent studies, however, highlight the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–dependent and AMPK-independent pathways, mitochondrial modulation, and alterations in gut microbiota composition, reflecting a complex and evolving pharmacological profile. Metformin, a biguanide derivative, has long been established as a first-line pharmacotherapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet contemporary research continues to expand its relevance far beyond glycemic control. This literature review synthesizes current findings on metformin’s multifaceted mechanisms, clinical applications, and emerging therapeutic potential. Traditionally, metformin’s primary mode of action has been attributed to the reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis and improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity. Recent studies, however, highlight the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–dependent and AMPK-independent pathways, mitochondrial modulation, and alterations in gut microbiota composition, reflecting a complex and evolving pharmacological profile. Despite these advances, gaps persist regarding long-term effects, optimal dosing for non-glycemic indications, and population-specific safety considerations, particularly in renal impairment. Overall, the literature portrays metformin as a versatile therapeutic agent with expanding implications, warranting continued research into its mechanisms and broader clinical utility.},
        keywords = {Metformin, type 2 diabetes, AMPK, insulin sensitivity, gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial function, gut microbiota, polycystic ovary syndrome, cancer therapy, metabolic regulation.},
        month = {November},
        }