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@article{196229,
        author = {Mr. Anuj Sanjay Khairnar and Mr. Dhammadip Malhari Ingole and Mr. Sumit Bhimrao Jadhav and Ms. Priya K. Javare and Ms. Trupti D. Shetane and Ms. Ashwini Sukhdev Pundkar and Dr. Santosh A. Payghan},
        title = {A Review on Antiseptic and Disinfectant},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {11},
        pages = {2444-2451},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=196229},
        abstract = {This review thoroughly examines the chemical diversity, mechanisms of action, and potential resistance mechanisms associated with antiseptics, highlighting their clinical relevance and the difficulties posed by microbial adaptation. Antiseptics are chemical agents used on living tissues to inhibit or destroy microorganisms, serving as an essential tool in infection prevention across healthcare, food safety, and public hygiene. Their broad-spectrum activity and versatility have established them as a cornerstone of antisepsis in clinical and community settings.
Protein denaturation, membrane rupture, and interruption of vital bacteria functions including nucleic acid synthesis are the main ways that antiseptics work. By damaging membranes and triggering protein coagulation, alcohol-based antiseptics like ethanol and isopropanol have quick bactericidal effects on a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. However, their use in sterilization is limited due to their lack of sporicidal activity. Although their effectiveness decreases against mycobacteria and non-enveloped viruses, biguanides such as chlorhexidine have long-lasting antibacterial effects and are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Although discomfort and discoloration can occasionally make it difficult to use, iodine-based antiseptics, such as povidone-iodine, exhibit quick and strong antibacterial activity by targeting microbial proteins and nucleotides. Despite their extensive use, attention is required due to the growing concern about antiseptic resistance. The effectiveness of antiseptics is threatened by microbial resistance mechanisms, including enzymatic degradation, decreased permeability barriers, and adaptive resistance during sporulation. Gram-negative bacteria, for instance, can withstand some antiseptics thanks to the protective qualities of their outer membranes, but bacterial spores are less vulnerable to many biocidal agents because they have developed strong structural defenses like spore coats and a highly resistant cortex. This review emphasizes the vital role that antiseptics play in contemporary infection control procedures, but it also stresses the need for their prudent use in order to strike a balance between the risks of developing resistance and the elimination of microorganisms. Maintaining their effectiveness and tackling the difficulties posed by changing microbial pathogens will require an understanding of their resistance and methods of action.},
        keywords = {Antiseptics, infection prevention, biocides, microbial resistance, alcohol-based antiseptics. chlor-hexidine, iodine-based antiseptics, membrane disruption, protein denaturation, nucleic acid interference, gram-negative bacteria, bacterial spores, sporulation, antiseptic efficacy, antimicrobial resistance.},
        month = {April},
        }